Douglas mcgregor 1960, 1966 classified managers attitudes or belief system, which he called assumptions, as theory x and y. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Features based approach to identify the p2p file sharing. Herzbergs motivationhygiene two factor theory, 3 mcgregors x y theories, and 4 mcclel lands need for achievement theory. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people can affect their management style. Managers tend to believe one or the other and treat their employees accordingly. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Mcgregor s xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Mcgregor s x y theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor. This article and video will explore mcgregor s theory further. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives.
Mcgregor s theory y matches much of maslow s selfactualization level of motivation. Mcclelland s need for achievement underlies maslow s selfactualization. Theory x and theory y pertain to employee motivation and have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior analysis, and organizational development. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y. Former fellows biographical index part one the royal society of. Managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. Mcclellands need for achievement underlies maslows selfactualization. Based entirely on fact, the film utilizes stock footage and features eyewitnesses who serve to recreate the startling event. A powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregors theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Sep 26, 2016 a powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregor s theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. Mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction human beings have been studied systematically and objectively for many years to determine if they are resistant to work or selfgoverning. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave.
Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia.
Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Mar 19, 2012 douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y duration. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process, encouraging communication for improvement. Personal development, management training and even general. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be more effective than what he considered thencurrent management assumptions theory x. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. It is based on the assumption that selfdirection, selfcontrol, and maturity control motivation. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi.
Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. The present research investigates whether x y attitudes and x y behaviorsexamined as two distinct constructsare. Archibald g macgregor, douglas a allan, murray macgregor, john b simpson, david haldane candidates. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf files newlinedb.
Douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Mcgregors theory x and theory y models how a manager can. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs.
His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Jul 08, 2017 motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. Institutes of medicine, 184256 theory of physic, edinburgh university. In the 1960 s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. It is based on the kirchhoff thin plate bending theory in which a. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Workas a source of satisfactionmeans accepting that people need to know not just what or how, but why.
Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. The present research investigates whether xy attitudes and xy behaviorsexamined as two distinct constructsare. This theory is rather simple in relationship to the other four motivation theories you need to know for the exam like maslows hierarchy of needs. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in. Jul 11, 2017 managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. Nowadays mcgregor s theory is seen as outdated, representing two extremes.
Mcgregors xy theory is a salutary and simple reminder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Mcgregor maintained that there two fundamental approaches to managing people. According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Cleaning teeth, pulling and refiling patients files, and sanitizing and storing dental instruments. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people.
Theory y has been criticised for being too idealistic, but if we examine each of the six tenets of theory y in turn, we can trace much modern thinking back to mcgregor. Mcgregors theory y matches much of maslows selfactualization level of motivation. Having set the stage by explaining mcgregors theories, the next discussion takes us to the various leadership styles examined in the context of his theory x and theory y theoretical models. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Mcgregors theory is a motivation theory, meaning it provides explanation on what people want in order to do their job. Nowadays mcgregors theory is seen as outdated, representing two extremes.
Theory x states that employees dislike and try to avoid work, so they must be coerced into doing it. Theory y is difficult to put into practice on the shop floor in large mass production operations, but it can be used initially in the managing of managers and professionals. Theory x and y has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with. Download gartner data integration magic quadrant pdf file. Yet the effect of x y attitudes on job performance has never been empirically demonstrated.
The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Mcgregors theory x and y in the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various. And theory x theory y was based on mcgregors book of 1960s called the human side of enterprise. Apr, 2020 download the relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Theory x and theory y describe two very different attitudes toward workforce motivation. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action.
Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Theory x is perhaps visible in low paid or menial work but employees in those situations will move on in search of positions with theory y conditions if they are motivated. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. In addition, managers who tend to utilize mcgregors theory x generally receive poor results from their employees. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Mcgregor s theory x and y is a salutary and simple remainder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Theory x belief that people are lazy, thus they must be micromanaged, watched, andor threatened to get to perform theory y views people as selfmotivated and want to achieve, thus they can direct own efforts with management s role to develop their potential mcgregor s x and y theory. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student.
Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. These theories continue to be important even today. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness. Read online the relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. In the human side of enterprise mcgregor shows how theory y affects the management of promotions and. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Szz, while sxy and sxz would vanish turcotte and schubert. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. Workers are committed and can work independently without direction to achieve. Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives. Mcgregor sees these two theories as two quite separate attitudes. The work of douglas mcgregor, 2 application of the theory the thoroughly dramatic plot by members of hitlers staff to exterminate their leader is painstakingly spelled out in this film.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x belief that people are lazy, thus they must be micromanaged, watched, andor threatened to get to perform theory y views people as selfmotivated and want to achieve, thus they can direct own efforts with managements role to develop their potential mcgregors x and y theory. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour.
In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by. Theory x was based on a number of key assumptions, the most important of which was that individuals instinctively didnt like work. Yet the effect of xy attitudes on job performance has never been empirically demonstrated. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. There were two main parts to this framework, theory x and theory y.
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